Another word for paranoid1/11/2024 ![]() Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) is a theory-driven, cognitive intervention that may be able to fill the existing service gap. Thus, more accessible and targeted interventions are warranted. Other psychological treatments available for psychosis include Cognitive Remediation Therapy, which has only limited effects on symptoms (Wykes, Huddy, Cellard, McGurk, & Czobor, Reference Wykes, Huddy, Cellard, McGurk and Czobor2011), and Metacognitive Training (Moritz & Woodward, Reference Moritz and Woodward2007), which has small to moderate effects on positive symptoms (Eichner & Berna, Reference Eichner and Berna2016 Philipp et al., Reference Philipp, Kriston, Lanio, Kühne, Härter, Moritz and Meister2019). Yet the Schizophrenia Commission (2012) reported that cognitive behavioural therapy is received by only one in 10 of those who could benefit in the UK and has shown only moderate effect sizes for delusions (Mehl, Werner, & Lincoln, Reference Mehl, Werner and Lincoln2015 Van der Gaag, Valmaggia, & Smit, Reference Van der Gaag, Valmaggia and Smit2014). Taken together, these studies suggest that interpretation biases play a potent role in paranoia.Įxisting psychological interventions such as cognitive therapy may change the underlying biases associated with paranoia, promoting more adaptive cognitive well-being. Most convincingly from a causal perspective, manipulating paranoid interpretation bias produced similar changes in how distressed participants were when hearing ambiguous laughter and whether they believed the laughter was directed towards themselves (Savulich et al., Reference Savulich, Edwards, Assadi, Guven, Leathers-Smith, Shergill and Yiend2020). ![]() This negative bias is evident before the onset of disorder in individuals at risk of developing psychosis (Yiend et al., Reference Yiend, Allen, Lopez, Falkenberg, Tseng and McGuire2019) and is seen at various points in the illness trajectory (Savulich, Shergill, & Yiend, Reference Savulich, Shergill and Yiend2017). Healthy individuals with high trait paranoia have been shown to interpret ambiguous information related to paranoid content more negatively compared to individuals with low trait paranoia (Savulich, Freeman, Shergill, & Yiend, Reference Savulich, Freeman, Shergill and Yiend2015). In line with this theoretical model, negative interpretation bias is proposed as a causal factor in the development and maintenance of paranoia in healthy, subclinical and clinical populations. the interpretation bias) will exacerbate patients' subjective perception of, and their actual exposure to, information that confirms their threat beliefs and the expectation of harm. The selective processing of the negative or paranoid meanings of ambiguous information (i.e. This belief can be maintained by cognitive processes, one of which is biased interpretations. ![]() In this model when a patient experiences something that they consider unusual or odd (an anomalous experience) this leads them to search for a meaning or explanation of that experience, which in turn can lead to the formation of a threat belief. Interpretation biases are one of the cognitive processes described by the threat anticipation cognitive model of persecutory delusions (Freeman, Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, & Bebbington, Reference Freeman, Garety, Kuipers, Fowler and Bebbington2002). Interpretation bias refers to ‘a consistent tendency to interpret emotionally ambiguous stimuli, situations, or events in a negative (or positive) manner’ (Lee, Mathews, Shergill, & Yiend, Reference Lee, Mathews, Shergill and Yiend2016).
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